Environmental Systems and Climate Change-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Environmental systems and climate change. Answer: Literature Review According to (Ogilvie, Griffin, Gezon, Inouye, Underwood, Inouye Irwin, 2017), bumble bees are negatively affected by climatic changes in North America due to poor availability of resources. Therefore, bumble bees are not able to fulfil their hunger due to lack of resources. This leads to shortage of food which in turn declines the population of bumble bees. According to the research, due to change in climatic conditions flowers bloom early this leads to mismatch in the timings and also creates problem from them to reproduce. Climatic changes cause loss of habitat as they are not able to migrate to cooler areas. Apart from that bumble bees lay eggs in spring. Early winters would be a trouble for bumble bees in the process of laying eggs. So, whenever there is a change is climatic condition they migrate to different region. Still there is no surety that climatic conditions would be good in that area or not. It is a problematic situation as they will go through phenology mismatch (Mar shall, et. al, 2018). It is not only climatic conditions that affect the life of bumble bees, delay in the growing season of flowers affect the supply of pollen and nectar. Thus it affects the nesting activities of bumble bees. In the views of (Heinrich, 2014), the other threat in life of bumble bees is the rising level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which has caused adverse effect among their population. It was researched that there exist a relationship between the pollen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The abundance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere affects the health of bumble bee but bumble bees adapt to these changes. As various plans are suggested to manage locally by planting more trees that make a difference for bumble bees to adapt to changes (Fightbugs, 2017). The loss of bumble bees species has a consequence on the ecosystem as well as people like crops are pollinated by wild bees during change in the climatic conditions. According to (Mola Williams, 2018), not only climatic conditions but the use of pesticides these days has impacted the health status of bees. Hence, it can be concluded that bees are dying due to various factors one is climatic condition and other is due to the impact of human practices (Pbs, 2018). Thus to improve these conditions more and more flowers are planted so that bees have better chances to receive the nutrition. Whenever temperature rises, bees are often killed. Especially in North America bumble bees have disappeared. There are various steps taken to remove their hunger by providing them proper pollinator habitat. It was studied that bumble bees are explored to low level of activities that indicates there is low proportion of pollen collected by bees. It results in migration of bumble bees from one place to other (Bumblebeeconservation, 2018). There are various issues faced by bumble bees like many wasps and flies, lay eggs inside the nests of bumble bees. Spiders often hide them in the flowers; whenever bees come to feed themselves spiders attack them by directly injecting. According to the research of (Pardee, Inouye Irwin, 2018), the life of bumble bees begin in springs when the temperature is hot and they look for frequent nesting sites to get nutrition. In North America there were 50 species of bumble bees but now they have become extinct due to various factors. There are various biodiversity challenges which have affected the life of bumble bees like issues with land management. For better understanding the issues species distribution methodology is used which helps in improving the life span of bumble bees. In the views of (Jacobson, Tucker, Mathiasson Rehan, 2018), other than climatic conditions bees suffer from excessive use of chemicals. Use of chemical affects the food production of bee and affects their health. Bees are also affected due to shortage of food as well as higher costs. Due to climatic changes bees are not able to pollinate on time which results in improper supply of nectar. Rising of temperatures leads to migration of bubble bees from North America to different region nearby (Science, 2018). To resolve these issue started are developed in a way that bumble bees adapt to these changes and live a healthy life. Bumble bees need human invention to help them to get settle in cooler environment. They mainly suffer from loss of habitat thus it was suggested that different gardens are created to provide extra habitat for bees. People are encouraged to plant more flowers so that bees have better resources to live and pollinate. (Xerces, 2018) (Pnas, 2018) It can be concluded that population of bumbles bees are becoming endangered due to various reasons like climatic conditions, land management, ratio of carbon dioxide, excessive use of chemicals and some human practises. Thus to control the migration of bumble bees from North America certain factors are taken into consideration. References Fightbugs.(2017).How Long Do Bumblebees Live?.Retrieved from https://www.fightbugs.com/how-long-do-bumblebees-live/. Heinrich.B.(2014).United States:Harvard University Press.pp. 67-150. Bumblebeeconservation.(2018).What predators do bumblebees have?.Retrieved from https://www.bumblebeeconservation.org/bee-faqs/bumblebee-predators/. Jacobson, M. M., Tucker, E. M., Mathiasson, M. E., Rehan, S. M. (2018). Decline of bumble bees in northeastern North America, with special focus on Bombus terricola.Biological Conservation,217, 437-445. Marshall, L., Biesmeijer, J. C., Rasmont, P., Vereecken, N. J., Dvorak, L., Fitzpatrick, U., ... Pawlikowski, T. (2018). The interplay of climate and land use change affects the distribution of EU bumblebees.Global change biology,24(1), 101-116. Mola, J. M., Williams, N. M. (2018). Fire?induced change in floral abundance, density, and phenology benefits bumble bee foragers.Ecosphere,9(1). Ogilvie, J. E., Griffin, S. R., Gezon, Z. J., Inouye, B. D., Underwood, N., Inouye, D. W., Irwin, R. E. (2017). Interannual bumble bee abundance is driven by indirect climate effects on floral resource phenology.Ecology letters,20(12), 1507-1515. Pardee, G. L., Inouye, D. W., Irwin, R. E. (2018). Direct and indirect effects of episodic frost on plant growth and reproduction in subalpine wildflowers.Global change biology,24(2), 848-857. Pbs.(2018).Whats Behind the Problem of Disappearing Bees?.Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/disappearing-bees-progress-or-frustration-1. Pnas.(2018).Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees.Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/content/108/2/662 Science.(2018).Bumble bees being crushed by climate change.Retrieved from https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/07/bumble-bees-being-crushed-climate-change. Xerces.(2018).Bumblebeesin North America.Retrieved from https://xerces.org/at-risk-bumble-bees/.